Abstract
The exact measurement of multiphase flow is an important and essential task in the oil and petrochemical related industries. Several methods have already been proposed in this field. In the existing methods, flow rate measurement depends on the fluid flow pattern. Flow pattern recognition requiring calibration has created instability in such systems. In this paper, a imple and reliable method is proposed which is based on ultrasonic tomography. It is free from calibration and instability problems that existing methods have. The obtained data from a 32-digit array of ultrasonic sensors have been used and the two-phase flow rate including liquid and gas phases have been calculated through a simple algebraic algorithm. Simulation results show that while applying this method the measurement technique is independent from the fluid flow pattern and the system error is decreased. For the proposed algorithm, the average amount of the spatial imaging error (SIE) for a bubble at different positions inside the pipe is about 5%.Keywords:
two-phase flowmeter, ultrasonic flowmeter, ultrasonic tomographyReferences
1. Besic N. et al. (2014), Zernike ultrasonic tomography for fluid velocity imaging based on pipeline intrusive time-of-flight measurements, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 61(11): 1846–1855, https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2014.006515
2. Bratland O. (2010), Pipe flow 2: multi-phase flow assurance, pp. 41–59, http://drbratland.com/PipeFlow2/
3. Camacho J, Medina L, Cruza J.F, Moreno J.M, Fritsch C. (2012), Multimodal ultrasonic imaging for breast cancer detection, Archives of Acoustics, 37(3): 253–260, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10168-012-0033-4
4. Dobrucki A.B, Opieliński K.J. (2000), Adaptation of image reconstruction algorithm for purposes of ultrasound transmission tomography (UTT), Archives of Acoustics, 25(4): 395–422, https://acoustics.ippt.pan.pl/index.php/aa/article/view/378/316
5. Ismail I, Gamio J.C, Bukhari A.S.F, Yang W.Q. (2005), Tomography for multi-phase flow measurement in the oil industry, Flow measurement and instrumentation, 16(2–3): 145–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2005.02.017
6. Kirillov K.M, Nazarov A.D, Mamonov V.N, Serov A.F (2014), An ultrasonic flowmeter for viscous liquids, Measurement Techniques, 57(5): 533–536, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11018-014-0492-2
7. Koike Y, Tsuyoshi T, Kikura H, Aritomi M, Mori M. (2002), Flow rate measurement using ultrasonic Doppler method with cavitation bubbles, [in:] 2002 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 531–534, https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2002.1193458
8. Kumar K, Swain T.K, Ekhande C.S, Nanaware R.M. (2015), Effects of flow measurement on sloped pipes using ultrasonic flowmeter, [in:] 2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC), pp. 1490–1494, https://doi.org/10.1109/IIC.2015.7150985
9. Liang F, Zheng H, Yu H, Sun Y. (2016), Gas–liquid two-phase flow pattern identification by ultrasonic echoes reflected from the inner wall of a pipe, Measurement Science and Technology, 27(3): 035304, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/27/3/035304
10. Nordin N, Idroas M, Zakaria Z, Ibrahim M.N. (2014), Tomographic image reconstruction of monitoring flaws on gas pipeline based on reverse ultrasonic tomography, [in:] 2014 5th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS), pp. 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIAS.2014.6869445
11. Opielinski K.J, Gudra T, (2006), Recognition of external object features in gas media using ultrasound transmission tomography, Ultrasonics, 44: e1069–e1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.102
12. Opieliński K.J. et al. (2013), Ultrasound transmission tomography imaging of structure of breast elastography phantom compared to US, CT and MRI, Archives of Acoustics, 38(3): 321–334, https://doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2013-0039
13. Rahiman M.F, Rahim R.A, Zakaria Z. (2008), Design and modelling of ultrasonic tomography for two-component high-acoustic impedance mixture, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 147(2): 409–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2008.05.024
14. Rahiman M.H.F, Rahim R.A, Ayob N.M.N. (2010), The front-end hardware design issue in ultrasonic tomography, IEEE Sensors Journal, 10(7): 1276-1281, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2009.2037602
15. Rahim R.A, RahimanM.F, Chan, K.S, Nawawi S.W. (2007), Non-invasive imaging of liquid/gas flow using ultrasonic transmission-mode tomography, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 135(2): 337–345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2006.07.031
16. Rokhana R, Anggraini S (2015), Using of array of 8 ultrasonic transducers on acoustic tomography for image reconstruction, [in:] 2015 International Electronics Symposium (IES), pp. 20–25, https://doi.org/10.1109/IIC.2015.7150985
17. Safonov A. (2014), Experience with the use of ultrasonic flowmeters in systems for measuring the quantity and quality of petroleum, Measurement Techniques, 57(4): 458–460, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11018-014-0477-1
18. Staszewski W, Gudra T, Opieliński K.J. (2019), The effect of dynamic beam deflection and focus shift on the acoustic field distribution inside the ultrasonic ring array, Archives of Acoustics, 44(4): 625–636, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2019.129721
19. Tan C, Li X, Liu H, Dong F. (2019), An ultrasonic transmission/reflection tomography system for industrial multiphase flow imaging, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 66(12): 9539–9548, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2019.2891455
20. Thorn R, Johansen G.A, Hjertaker B.T. (2012), Three-phase flow measurement in the petroleum industry, Measurement Science and Technology, 24(1): 012003, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012003
21. Wahab Y.A, Ahmad M.A, Rahim R.A, Rahiman M.F. (2011), Application of transmission-mode ultrasonic tomography to identify multiphase flow regime, [in:] International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering (InECCE), pp. 119–123, https://doi.org/10.1109/INECCE.2011.5953861
22. Wang M. (ed.) (2015), Industrial tomography: systems and applications, Woodhead Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-16466-5
23. Wang T, Wang J, Ren F, Jin Y. (2003), Application of Doppler ultrasound velocimetry in multiphase flow, Chemical Engineering Journal, 92(1–3): 111–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947%2802%2900128-6
24. Xing L. et al. (2014), A combination method for metering gas–liquid two-phase flows of low liquid loading applying ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 37: 135–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.01.005
25. Xu L, Han Y, Xu L.A, Yang J (1997), Application of ultrasonic tomography to monitoring gas/liquid flow, Chemical Engineering Science, 52(13): 2171–2183, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509%2897%2900043-2
26. Xu L.J, Xu L.A. (1997), Gas/liquid two-phase flow regime identification by ultrasonic tomography, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 8(3–4): 145–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-5986%2898%2900002-8
27. Yang L, Pan Q, Xu C, Guo X, Peng K, (2013), Immersion ultrasonic reflection tomography by annular array system, [in:] 2013 Far East Forum on Nondestructive Evaluation/Testing: New Technology and Application, pp. 82–89, https://doi.org/10.1109/FENDT.2013.6635534
28. Zhang R, Wang Q, Wang H, Zhang M, Li H. (2014), Data fusion in dual-mode tomography for imaging oil–gas two-phase flow, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 37: 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.03.003
2. Bratland O. (2010), Pipe flow 2: multi-phase flow assurance, pp. 41–59, http://drbratland.com/PipeFlow2/
3. Camacho J, Medina L, Cruza J.F, Moreno J.M, Fritsch C. (2012), Multimodal ultrasonic imaging for breast cancer detection, Archives of Acoustics, 37(3): 253–260, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10168-012-0033-4
4. Dobrucki A.B, Opieliński K.J. (2000), Adaptation of image reconstruction algorithm for purposes of ultrasound transmission tomography (UTT), Archives of Acoustics, 25(4): 395–422, https://acoustics.ippt.pan.pl/index.php/aa/article/view/378/316
5. Ismail I, Gamio J.C, Bukhari A.S.F, Yang W.Q. (2005), Tomography for multi-phase flow measurement in the oil industry, Flow measurement and instrumentation, 16(2–3): 145–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2005.02.017
6. Kirillov K.M, Nazarov A.D, Mamonov V.N, Serov A.F (2014), An ultrasonic flowmeter for viscous liquids, Measurement Techniques, 57(5): 533–536, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11018-014-0492-2
7. Koike Y, Tsuyoshi T, Kikura H, Aritomi M, Mori M. (2002), Flow rate measurement using ultrasonic Doppler method with cavitation bubbles, [in:] 2002 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 531–534, https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2002.1193458
8. Kumar K, Swain T.K, Ekhande C.S, Nanaware R.M. (2015), Effects of flow measurement on sloped pipes using ultrasonic flowmeter, [in:] 2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC), pp. 1490–1494, https://doi.org/10.1109/IIC.2015.7150985
9. Liang F, Zheng H, Yu H, Sun Y. (2016), Gas–liquid two-phase flow pattern identification by ultrasonic echoes reflected from the inner wall of a pipe, Measurement Science and Technology, 27(3): 035304, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/27/3/035304
10. Nordin N, Idroas M, Zakaria Z, Ibrahim M.N. (2014), Tomographic image reconstruction of monitoring flaws on gas pipeline based on reverse ultrasonic tomography, [in:] 2014 5th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS), pp. 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIAS.2014.6869445
11. Opielinski K.J, Gudra T, (2006), Recognition of external object features in gas media using ultrasound transmission tomography, Ultrasonics, 44: e1069–e1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.102
12. Opieliński K.J. et al. (2013), Ultrasound transmission tomography imaging of structure of breast elastography phantom compared to US, CT and MRI, Archives of Acoustics, 38(3): 321–334, https://doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2013-0039
13. Rahiman M.F, Rahim R.A, Zakaria Z. (2008), Design and modelling of ultrasonic tomography for two-component high-acoustic impedance mixture, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 147(2): 409–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2008.05.024
14. Rahiman M.H.F, Rahim R.A, Ayob N.M.N. (2010), The front-end hardware design issue in ultrasonic tomography, IEEE Sensors Journal, 10(7): 1276-1281, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2009.2037602
15. Rahim R.A, RahimanM.F, Chan, K.S, Nawawi S.W. (2007), Non-invasive imaging of liquid/gas flow using ultrasonic transmission-mode tomography, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 135(2): 337–345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2006.07.031
16. Rokhana R, Anggraini S (2015), Using of array of 8 ultrasonic transducers on acoustic tomography for image reconstruction, [in:] 2015 International Electronics Symposium (IES), pp. 20–25, https://doi.org/10.1109/IIC.2015.7150985
17. Safonov A. (2014), Experience with the use of ultrasonic flowmeters in systems for measuring the quantity and quality of petroleum, Measurement Techniques, 57(4): 458–460, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11018-014-0477-1
18. Staszewski W, Gudra T, Opieliński K.J. (2019), The effect of dynamic beam deflection and focus shift on the acoustic field distribution inside the ultrasonic ring array, Archives of Acoustics, 44(4): 625–636, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2019.129721
19. Tan C, Li X, Liu H, Dong F. (2019), An ultrasonic transmission/reflection tomography system for industrial multiphase flow imaging, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 66(12): 9539–9548, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2019.2891455
20. Thorn R, Johansen G.A, Hjertaker B.T. (2012), Three-phase flow measurement in the petroleum industry, Measurement Science and Technology, 24(1): 012003, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012003
21. Wahab Y.A, Ahmad M.A, Rahim R.A, Rahiman M.F. (2011), Application of transmission-mode ultrasonic tomography to identify multiphase flow regime, [in:] International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering (InECCE), pp. 119–123, https://doi.org/10.1109/INECCE.2011.5953861
22. Wang M. (ed.) (2015), Industrial tomography: systems and applications, Woodhead Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-16466-5
23. Wang T, Wang J, Ren F, Jin Y. (2003), Application of Doppler ultrasound velocimetry in multiphase flow, Chemical Engineering Journal, 92(1–3): 111–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947%2802%2900128-6
24. Xing L. et al. (2014), A combination method for metering gas–liquid two-phase flows of low liquid loading applying ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 37: 135–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.01.005
25. Xu L, Han Y, Xu L.A, Yang J (1997), Application of ultrasonic tomography to monitoring gas/liquid flow, Chemical Engineering Science, 52(13): 2171–2183, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509%2897%2900043-2
26. Xu L.J, Xu L.A. (1997), Gas/liquid two-phase flow regime identification by ultrasonic tomography, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 8(3–4): 145–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-5986%2898%2900002-8
27. Yang L, Pan Q, Xu C, Guo X, Peng K, (2013), Immersion ultrasonic reflection tomography by annular array system, [in:] 2013 Far East Forum on Nondestructive Evaluation/Testing: New Technology and Application, pp. 82–89, https://doi.org/10.1109/FENDT.2013.6635534
28. Zhang R, Wang Q, Wang H, Zhang M, Li H. (2014), Data fusion in dual-mode tomography for imaging oil–gas two-phase flow, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 37: 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.03.003
