Spatial Hearing Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version and Correlations with Hearing Skills
Abstract
Objective: Self-report questionnaire is informative to assess general hearing disability. The aims of this study were to investigate the reliability of Turkish version of spatial hearing questionnaire (SHQ) and to analyze the validity of the SHQ by the correlation with speech, spatial, and qualities of hearing questionnaire (SSQ) and Turkish matrix sentence test (TMST). Methods: The first part of the study was the psychometric properties of the SHQ with 192 participants (137 with normal hearing, 55 with hearing loss). In the second and main part of the study, we applied two questionnaires (SHQ and SSQ) and TMST to people other than those included in the first part of the study (88 participants with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss). We compared the results of these two questionnaires and the TMST with the speech discrimination (SD) scores. Results: Turkish spatial hearing questionnaire’s internal consistency was 0.94 and 0.97 for individuals with normal hearing and for individuals with hearing loss, respectively. Moderate, positive, statistically significant correlation was observed between the SHQ and SSQ (r = 0:606, p = 0:001 in individuals with hearing loss who do not wear any hearing aid, and r = 0:627, p = 0:001 in hearing aid users), and SHQ and SD (r = 0:561, p = 0:032 in hearing aid users). According to TMST, moderate, positive, statistically significant correlation was found between SSQ and adaptive TMST in individuals with hearing loss who do not wear any hearing aid (r = 0:330, p = 0:033 for S0N90 and r = 0:364, p = 0:018 for S0N270). Conclusions: Turkish SHQ is a valid and reliable questionnaire for assessing hearing functions. SHQ, SSQ, and TMST are clinically beneficial measuring tools in planning the process of hearing rehabilitation and follow-up.Keywords:
spatial hearing questionnaire, speech, spatial, and qualities of hearing questionnaire, Turkish matrix sentence test, hearing lossReferences
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5. Allen K., Carlile S., Alais D. (2008), Contributions of talker characteristics and spatial location to auditory streaming, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(3): 1562–1570, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2831774
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8. Brand T., Kollmeier B. (2002), Efficient adaptive procedures for threshold and concurrent slope estimates for psychophysics and speech intelligibility tests, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111(6): 2801–2810, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1479152
9. Cameron S., Dillon H. (2008), The listening in spatialized noise‐sentences test (LISN-S): comparison to the prototype lisn and results from children with either a suspected (central) auditory processing disorder or a confirmed language disorder, Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 19(5): 377–391, https://doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19.5.2
10. Cruice M., Worrall L., Hickson L. (2006), Quantifying aphasic people's social lives in the context of non‐aphasic peers, Aphasiology, 20(12): 1210–1225, https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030600790136
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15. Dubno J.R., Ahlstrom J.B., Horwitz A.R. (2002), Spectral contributions to the benefit from spatial separation of speech and noise, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45(6): 1297–1310, https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388%282002/104%29
16. Festen J., Plomp R. (1986), Speech‐reception threshold in noise with one and two hearing aids. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 79(2): 465–471, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.393534
17. Gatehouse S., Noble W. (2004), The speech, spatial and qualities of hearing scale (SSQ). International Journal of Audiology, 43(2): 85–99, https://doi.org/10.1080/14992020400050014
18. Gürses E., Türkyılmaz M.D., Sennaroğlu G. (2020), Evaluation of auditory temporal processing in patients fitted with bone-anchored hearing aids, European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 277(2), 351–359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05701-4
19. Glyde H., Cameron S., Dillon H., Hickson L., Seeto M. (2013), The effects of hearing impairment and aging on spatial processing. Ear and hearing, 34(1): 15–28, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182617f94
20. Hagerman B. (1982), Sentences for testing speech intelligibility in noise, Scandinavian audiology, 11(2): 79–87, https://doi.org/10.3109/01050398209076203
21. Heo J. H., Lee J.H., Lee W. S. (2013), Bimodal benefits on objective and subjective outcomes for adult cochlear implant users, Korean Journal of Audiology, 17(2): 65–73, https://doi.org/10.7874/kja.2013.17.2.65
22. Hochmuth S., Brand T., Zokoll M.A., Castro F.Z., Wardenga N., Kollmeier B.A. (2012), A Spanish matrix sentence test for assessing speech reception thresholds in noise, International Journal of Audiology, 51(7): 536–544, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2012.670731
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24. Kılıç N. (2017), Normalization and adaptation of speech, spatial and quality of hearing scale (SSQ) for Turkish language and evaluation of adults with normal hearing and sensorineural hearing loss by SSQ [in Turkish], Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, MSc Thesis.
25. Killion M.C., Papalias C.W., Becker A.J., Mapes-Riordan D. (2002), Hearing aid having digital damping: Google Patents.
26. Kollmeier B., Wesselkamp M. (1997), Development and evaluation of a German sentence test for objective and subjective speech intelligibility assessment, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(4): 2412–2421, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.419624
27. Kong T.H., Park Y.A., Bong J.P., Park S.Y. (2017), Validation of the Korean version of the spatial hearing questionnaire for assessing the severity and symmetry of hearing impairment, Yonsei Medical Journal, 58(4): 842–847, https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2017.58.4.842
28. Köbler S., Rosenhall U. (2002), Horizontal localization and speech intelligibility with bilateral and unilateral hearing aid amplification, International Journal of Audiology, 41(7): 395–400, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992020209090416
29. Köbler S., Rosenhall U., Hansson H. (2001), Bilateral hearing aids-effects and consequences from a user perspective, Scandinavian Audiology, 30(4): 223–235, https://doi.org/10.1080/01050390152704742
30. Lorenzi C., Gatehouse S., Lever C. (1999), Sound localization in noise in hearing-impaired listeners,. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(6): 3454–3463, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.424672
31. Noble W., Ter-Horst K., Byrne D. (1995), Disabilities and handicaps associated with impaired auditory localization, Journal-American Academy of Audiology, 6(2): 129–140.
32. Ou H., Perreau A., Tyler R.S. (2017), Development of a shortened version of the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (SHQ-S) for screening spatial-hearing ability, American Journal of Audiology, 26(3): 293–300, https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJA-17-0030
33. Peissig J., Kollmeier B. (1997), Directivity of binaural noise reduction in spatial multiple noise-source arrangements for normal and impaired listeners, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101(3): 1660–1670, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.418150
34. Perreau A.E., Ou H., Tyler R., Dunn C. (2014), Self-reported spatial hearing abilities across different cochlear implant profiles, American Journal of Audiology, 23(4): 374–384, https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_AJA-14-0015
35. Potvin J., Punte A.K., de Heyning Van P. (2011), Validation of the Dutch version of the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire, B-ENT, 7(4): 235–244.
36. Preston, C. C.,, Colman, A. M. (2000), Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences, Acta psychologica, 104(1), 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-6918%2899%2900050-5
37. Schafer E.C., Beeler S., Ramos H., Morais M., Monzingo J., Algier K. (2012), Developmental effects and spatial hearing in young children with normal-hearing sensitivity, Ear and Hearing, 33(6): e32–e43, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e318258c616
38. Smoorenburg G.F. (1992), Speech reception in quiet and in noisy conditions by individuals with noise‐induced hearing loss in relation to their tone audiogram, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91(1): 421–437, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.402729
39. Terwee C.B. et al. (2007), Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1): 34-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
40. Tonning F.-M. (1971), Directional audiometry: II. The influence of azimuth on the perception of speech, Acta Oto-laryngologica, 72(5): 352-357, https://doi.org/10.3109/00016487109122493
41. Tyler R.S., Perreau A.E., Ji H. (2009), The validation of the spatial hearing questionnaire, Ear and Hearing, 30(4): 466-474, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181a61efe
42. Warzybok A., Zokoll M., Wardenga N., Ozimek E., Boboshko M., Kollmeier B. (2015), Development of the Russian matrix sentence test, International Journal of Audiology, 54(Sup2): 35–43, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2015.1020969
43. Wilson R.H., Strouse A. (2002), Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 in multi-talker babble: A preliminary report, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 39(1): 105–114.
44. Zhang J. et al. (2015), Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) and Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (SHQ) changes over time in adults with simultaneous cochlear implants. American Journal of Audiology, 24(3): 384–397, https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJA-14-0074
45. Zokoll M.A. et al. (2015), Development and evaluation of the Turkish matrix sentence test, International Journal of Audiology, 54(Suppl 2): 51–61, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2015.1074735
2. Ahlstrom J.B., Horwitz A.R., Dubno J.R. (2009), Spatial benefit of bilateral hearing aids, Ear and Hearing, 30(2): 203–218, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31819769c1
3. Ahlstrom J.B., Horwitz A.R., Dubno J.R. (2014), Spatial separation benefit for unaided and aided listening, Ear and Hearing, 35(1): 72–85, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182a02274
4. Akeroyd M.A., Guy F.H., Harrison D.L., Suller S.L. (2014), A factor analysis of the SSQ (Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale), International Journal of Audiology, 53(2):101–114, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2013.824115
5. Allen K., Carlile S., Alais D. (2008), Contributions of talker characteristics and spatial location to auditory streaming, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(3): 1562–1570, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2831774
6. Bertoli S., Bodmer D., Probst R. (2010), Survey on hearing aid outcome in Switzerland: Associations with type of fitting (bilateral/unilateral), level of hearing aid signal processing, and hearing loss, International Journal of Audiology, 49(5): 333-346, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992020903473431
7. Best V., Kalluri S., McLachlan S., Valentine S., Edwards B., Carlile S. (2010), A comparison of CIC and BTE hearing aids for three-dimensional localization of speech, International Journal of Audiology, 49(10): 723–732, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2010.484827
8. Brand T., Kollmeier B. (2002), Efficient adaptive procedures for threshold and concurrent slope estimates for psychophysics and speech intelligibility tests, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111(6): 2801–2810, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1479152
9. Cameron S., Dillon H. (2008), The listening in spatialized noise‐sentences test (LISN-S): comparison to the prototype lisn and results from children with either a suspected (central) auditory processing disorder or a confirmed language disorder, Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 19(5): 377–391, https://doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19.5.2
10. Cruice M., Worrall L., Hickson L. (2006), Quantifying aphasic people's social lives in the context of non‐aphasic peers, Aphasiology, 20(12): 1210–1225, https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030600790136
11. Delphi M., Zamiri Abdolahi F., Tyler R., Bakhit M., Saki N., Nazeri A.R. (2015), Validity and reliability of the Persian version of spatial hearing questionnaire, Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 29(1): 572–579, http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3011-en.pdf
12. Dietz A. et al. (2014), The development and evaluation of the Finnish Matrix Sentence Test for speech intelligibility assessment, Acta Oto-laryngologica, 134(7): 728–737, https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2014.898185
13. Draaijers L.J. et al. (2004), The patient and observer scar assessment scale: a reliable and feasible tool for scar evaluation. Plastic and reconstructive Surgery, 113(7): 1960–1965, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000122207.28773.56
14. Drennan W.R., Gatehouse S., Howell P., Van Tasell D., Lund S. (2005), Localization and speech-identification ability of hearing-impaired listeners using phase-preserving amplification, Ear and Hearing, 26(5): 461–472, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aud.0000179690.30137.21
15. Dubno J.R., Ahlstrom J.B., Horwitz A.R. (2002), Spectral contributions to the benefit from spatial separation of speech and noise, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45(6): 1297–1310, https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388%282002/104%29
16. Festen J., Plomp R. (1986), Speech‐reception threshold in noise with one and two hearing aids. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 79(2): 465–471, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.393534
17. Gatehouse S., Noble W. (2004), The speech, spatial and qualities of hearing scale (SSQ). International Journal of Audiology, 43(2): 85–99, https://doi.org/10.1080/14992020400050014
18. Gürses E., Türkyılmaz M.D., Sennaroğlu G. (2020), Evaluation of auditory temporal processing in patients fitted with bone-anchored hearing aids, European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 277(2), 351–359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05701-4
19. Glyde H., Cameron S., Dillon H., Hickson L., Seeto M. (2013), The effects of hearing impairment and aging on spatial processing. Ear and hearing, 34(1): 15–28, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182617f94
20. Hagerman B. (1982), Sentences for testing speech intelligibility in noise, Scandinavian audiology, 11(2): 79–87, https://doi.org/10.3109/01050398209076203
21. Heo J. H., Lee J.H., Lee W. S. (2013), Bimodal benefits on objective and subjective outcomes for adult cochlear implant users, Korean Journal of Audiology, 17(2): 65–73, https://doi.org/10.7874/kja.2013.17.2.65
22. Hochmuth S., Brand T., Zokoll M.A., Castro F.Z., Wardenga N., Kollmeier B.A. (2012), A Spanish matrix sentence test for assessing speech reception thresholds in noise, International Journal of Audiology, 51(7): 536–544, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2012.670731
23. Houben R. et al. (2014), Development of a Dutch matrix sentence test to assess speech intelligibility in noise, International Journal of Audiology, 53(10): 760–763, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2014.920111
24. Kılıç N. (2017), Normalization and adaptation of speech, spatial and quality of hearing scale (SSQ) for Turkish language and evaluation of adults with normal hearing and sensorineural hearing loss by SSQ [in Turkish], Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, MSc Thesis.
25. Killion M.C., Papalias C.W., Becker A.J., Mapes-Riordan D. (2002), Hearing aid having digital damping: Google Patents.
26. Kollmeier B., Wesselkamp M. (1997), Development and evaluation of a German sentence test for objective and subjective speech intelligibility assessment, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(4): 2412–2421, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.419624
27. Kong T.H., Park Y.A., Bong J.P., Park S.Y. (2017), Validation of the Korean version of the spatial hearing questionnaire for assessing the severity and symmetry of hearing impairment, Yonsei Medical Journal, 58(4): 842–847, https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2017.58.4.842
28. Köbler S., Rosenhall U. (2002), Horizontal localization and speech intelligibility with bilateral and unilateral hearing aid amplification, International Journal of Audiology, 41(7): 395–400, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992020209090416
29. Köbler S., Rosenhall U., Hansson H. (2001), Bilateral hearing aids-effects and consequences from a user perspective, Scandinavian Audiology, 30(4): 223–235, https://doi.org/10.1080/01050390152704742
30. Lorenzi C., Gatehouse S., Lever C. (1999), Sound localization in noise in hearing-impaired listeners,. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(6): 3454–3463, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.424672
31. Noble W., Ter-Horst K., Byrne D. (1995), Disabilities and handicaps associated with impaired auditory localization, Journal-American Academy of Audiology, 6(2): 129–140.
32. Ou H., Perreau A., Tyler R.S. (2017), Development of a shortened version of the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (SHQ-S) for screening spatial-hearing ability, American Journal of Audiology, 26(3): 293–300, https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJA-17-0030
33. Peissig J., Kollmeier B. (1997), Directivity of binaural noise reduction in spatial multiple noise-source arrangements for normal and impaired listeners, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101(3): 1660–1670, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.418150
34. Perreau A.E., Ou H., Tyler R., Dunn C. (2014), Self-reported spatial hearing abilities across different cochlear implant profiles, American Journal of Audiology, 23(4): 374–384, https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_AJA-14-0015
35. Potvin J., Punte A.K., de Heyning Van P. (2011), Validation of the Dutch version of the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire, B-ENT, 7(4): 235–244.
36. Preston, C. C.,, Colman, A. M. (2000), Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences, Acta psychologica, 104(1), 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-6918%2899%2900050-5
37. Schafer E.C., Beeler S., Ramos H., Morais M., Monzingo J., Algier K. (2012), Developmental effects and spatial hearing in young children with normal-hearing sensitivity, Ear and Hearing, 33(6): e32–e43, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e318258c616
38. Smoorenburg G.F. (1992), Speech reception in quiet and in noisy conditions by individuals with noise‐induced hearing loss in relation to their tone audiogram, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91(1): 421–437, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.402729
39. Terwee C.B. et al. (2007), Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1): 34-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
40. Tonning F.-M. (1971), Directional audiometry: II. The influence of azimuth on the perception of speech, Acta Oto-laryngologica, 72(5): 352-357, https://doi.org/10.3109/00016487109122493
41. Tyler R.S., Perreau A.E., Ji H. (2009), The validation of the spatial hearing questionnaire, Ear and Hearing, 30(4): 466-474, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181a61efe
42. Warzybok A., Zokoll M., Wardenga N., Ozimek E., Boboshko M., Kollmeier B. (2015), Development of the Russian matrix sentence test, International Journal of Audiology, 54(Sup2): 35–43, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2015.1020969
43. Wilson R.H., Strouse A. (2002), Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 in multi-talker babble: A preliminary report, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 39(1): 105–114.
44. Zhang J. et al. (2015), Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) and Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (SHQ) changes over time in adults with simultaneous cochlear implants. American Journal of Audiology, 24(3): 384–397, https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJA-14-0074
45. Zokoll M.A. et al. (2015), Development and evaluation of the Turkish matrix sentence test, International Journal of Audiology, 54(Suppl 2): 51–61, https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2015.1074735
