Abstract
Vapors of benzene and its derivatives are harmful and toxic for human beings and natural environment. Their detection has fundamental importance. For this purpose authors propose surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor with skeletonized layer deposited by Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) method. This layer was obtained by depositing a binary equimolar mixture of 5-[[1,3-dioxo-3-[4-(1-oxooctadecyl) phenyl]propyl]amino]–1,3–benzenedicarboxylic acid with cetylamine. The skeletonized sensor layer has been obtained by removing cetylamine. Response of this sensor depends mainly of the electrical dipole momentum of molecule. Among the tested compounds, benzene has a zero dipole moment and gives the smallest sensor response, and nitrobenzene has the largest dipole moment and the sensor reacts most strongly to its vapor.Keywords:
SAW sensor, Langmuir-Blodget layer, vapors, benzene, benzene derivativesReferences
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2. American Chemistry Council (2008), Working with Modern Hydrocarbon and Oxygenated Solvents: A Guide to Flammability, American Chemistry Council, Solvents Industry Group, Wrlington USA.
3. Aransiola E.F., Daramola M.O., Ojumu T.V. (2013), Xylenes: production technologies and uses, Xylenes: Synthesis, Characterization and Physicochemical Properties – Chemical Engineering Methods and Technology, Nova Science Publishers, 1–12.
4. Ballantine D.S. et al. (1997), Acoustic Wave Sensors, Academic Press, San Diego.
5. Bard D. et al. (2014), Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study, Plos One, 9: 6, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100307
6. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2018), Health Effects of Toluene.
7. Dickert F.L., Forth P., Bulst W.-E., Fischerauer G., Knauer U. (1998), SAW devices-sensitivity enhancement in going from 80 MHz to 1 GHz, Sensors ana Actuators B: Chemical, 46(2): 120–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005%2898%2900097-5
8. Holcroft B., Roberts G.G. (1998), Surface acoustic wave sensors incorporating Langmuir-Blodgett films, Thin Solid Films, 160(1–2): 445–452, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090%2888%2990090-9
9. Huff J. (2007), Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact, International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 13(2): 213–221, https://doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2007.13.2.213
10. Im J., Sterner E.S., Swager T.M. (2016), Integrated Gas Sensing System of SWCNT and Cellulose Polymer Concentrator for Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes, Sensors (Basel), 16(2): 183, https://doi.org/10.3390/s1602
11. Jameson J.L., Fauci A.S., Kasper D.L., Hauser S.L., Longo D.L., Loscalzo J. (2018), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill Education.
12. Kang K.H., Kim J.M., Kim D.K., Jung S.B., Chang J.S., Kwon Y.S. (2001), Effect of pH on the properties of palmitic acid LB films for gas sensors, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 77(1–2): 293–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005%2801%2900745-6
13. Ke M.-T., Mu-Tsun L., Lee C.-Y., Fu L.-M. (2009), A MEMS-based Benzene Gas Sensor with a Self-heating WO3 Sensing Layer, Sensors (Basel), 9(4): 2895–2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90402895
14. Knoll W. [Ed.], Rigoberto C. (2011), Functional Polymer Films, Wiley-VCH.
15. Ma Z. et al. (2020), A benzene vapor sensor based on a metal-organic framework-modified quartz crystal microbalance, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 311, 127365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127365
16. Mirzaei A., Kim J.-H., Kim H.W., Kim S.S. (2018), Resistive-based gas sensors for detection of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) gases: a review, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 6(16): 4342–4370, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC00245B
17. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2018), Nitrobenzene. Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations.
18. Panneerselvam G., Thirumal V., Pandya H.M. (2018), Review of surface acoustic wave sensors for the detection and identification of toxic environmental gases/vapours, Archives of Acoustic, 43(3): 357–367, https://doi.org/10.24425/123908
19. Saha K., Agasti S.S., Kim C., Li X., Rotello V.M. (2012), Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing, Chemical Review, 112(5): 2739–2779; https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2001178
20. Slobodnik A.J., Conway E.D. (1970), Microwave Acoustic Handbook. Vol. 1, Surface Wave Velocities, Bedford, MA: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories.
21. Smallwood I. (2012), Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
22. Smith M.T. (2010), Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility, Annual Review of Public Health, 31: 133–148; https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646
23. Stahl U. et al. (2018), Long-term capability of polymer- coated surface transverse wave sensors for distinguishing vapors of similar hydrocarbons, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 274: 560–564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.08.013
24. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2011), Chemical Sampling Information Benzene. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
25. Zhavnerko G.K., Filippov V.V., Severin F.M., Kuchuk T.A., Agabekov V.E. (1997), Formation and features of skeletonized structures in twocomponent Langmuir-Blodgett films, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 193(1): 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1997.4872
