Influence of Geometric Structure, Convection, and Eddy on Sound Propagation in Acoustic Metamaterials with Turbulent Flow
Abstract
The problem of reducing noise in transportation is an important research field to prevent accidents and to provide a civilised environment for people. A material that has recently attracted attention in research to reduce noise is acoustic metamaterial, and most of the research projects so far have been limited to the case of static media without flow. We have studied the sound transmission properties of the acoustic metamaterials with turbulent flow to develop the acoustic metamaterials that are used in transportation. In this paper, the effects of geometrical structure, convection, and eddy on sound propagation in the acoustic metamaterials with turbulent flow are investigated, and the relationships between them are analysed. The effects of convection and eddy reduce the resonant strength of the sound transmission loss resulting from the unique geometry of the acoustic metamaterials, but move the resonant frequencies to opposite directions. In addition, when the convective effect and the eddy effect of the airflow, as well as the intrinsic interaction effect generated from the unique geometrical structure of the acoustic metamaterials cannot be ignored, they exhibit competition phenomena with each other, resulting in a widening of the resonance peak. As a result, these three effects cause the shift of the resonance frequency of the sound transmission loss and the widening of the resonance peak. The results of this study show that even in the case of turbulent flow, the metamaterials can be used for transportation by properly controlling its geometric size and shape.Keywords:
acoustic metamaterial, turbulent flow, sound transmission loss, eddy, transportationReferences
1. Ananthan V., Bernicke P., Akkermans R., Hu T., Liu P. (2020), Effect of porous material on trailing edge sound sources of a lifting airfoil by zonal overset-les, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 480: 115386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115386
2. Bok E., Park J.J., Choi H., Han C.K., Wright O.B., Lee S.H. (2018), Metasurface for water-to-air sound transmission, Physical Review Letters, 120(4): 044302, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.044302
3. Brookea D.C., Umnova O., Leclaire P., Dupont T. (2020), Acoustic metamaterial for low frequency sound absorption in linear and nonlinear regimes, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 485: 115585, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115585
4. Carpio A.R., Avallone F., Ragni D., Snellen M., van der Zwaag S. (2019), Mechanisms of broadband noise generation on metal foam edges, Physics of Fluids, 31(10): 105110, doi 10.1063/1.5121248.
5. Chaitanya P., Joseph P., Ayton L.J. (2020), Leading edge profiles for the reduction of airfoil interaction noise, AIAA Journal, 58(3): 1118–1129, https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J058456
6. Deuse M., Sandberg R.D. (2020), Different noise generation mechanisms of a controlled diffusion aerofoil and their dependence on Mach number, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 476: 115317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115317
7. Du L., Holmberg A., Karlsson M., Åbom M. (2016), Sound amplification at a rectangular t-junction with merging mean flows, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 367: 69–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2015.12.042
8. Fan L., Chen Z., Zhang S., Ding J., Li X., Zhang H. (2015), An acoustic metamaterial composed of multi-layer membrane-coated perforated plates for low-frequency sound insulation, Applied Physics Letters, 106(15): 151908, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4918374
9. Gikadi J., Föller S., Sattelmayer T. (2014), Impact of turbulence on the prediction of linear aeroacoustic interactions: Acoustic response of a turbulent shear layer, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 333(24): 6548–6559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2014.06.033
10. Gu Z., Gao H., Liu T., Li Y., Zhu J. (2020), Dopant-modulated sound transmission with zero index acoustic metamaterials, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(3): 1636–1641, https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0001962
11. Jiang X., Li Y., Zhang L.K. (2017), Thermoviscous effects on sound transmission through a metasurface of hybrid resonances, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 141(4): EL363–EL368, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4979682
12. Jung J.W., Kim J.E., Lee J.W. (2018), Acoustic metamaterial panel for both uid passage and broadband soundproofing in the audible frequency range, Applied Physics Letters, 112(4): 041903, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5004605
13. Kundu P.K., Cohen I.M., Dowling D. (2012), Fluid mechanics, 5th ed., pp. 564–571, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-63410-3
14. Kusano K., Yamada K., Furukawa M. (2020), Aeroacoustic simulation of broadband sound generated from low-Mach-number flows using a lattice Boltzmann method, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 467: 115044, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.115044
15. Li Y., Assouar B. M. (2016), Acoustic metasurface-based perfect absorber with deep subwavelength thickness, Applied Physics Letters, 108(6): 063502, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941338
16. Lu K., Wu J., GuanD., Gao, N., Jing L. (2016), A lightweight low-frequency sound insulation membrane-type acoustic metamaterial, AIP Advances, 6(2): 025116, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942513
17. Menter F. (1994), Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications, AIAA Journal, 32(8): 1598–1605, https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12149
18. Nardini M., Sandberg R.D., Schlanderer S.C. (2020), Computational study of the effect of structural compliance on the noise radiated from an elastic trailing-edge, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 485: 115533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115533
19. Ostashev V.E., Wilson D.K. (2016), Acoustics in Moving Inhomogeneous Media, 2ed., pp. 27–62, Taylor and Francis, https://doi.org/10.1201/b18922
20. Park J.J., Park C.M., Lee K.J.., Lee, S.H. (2015), Acoustic superlens using membrane-based metamaterials, Applied Physics Letters, 106(5): 051901, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907634
21. Pierce A.D. (2019), Acoustics: An Introduction to Its Physical Principles and Applications, 3rd ed., pp. 68–70, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11214-1
22. Qu S., Sheng P. (2020), Minimizing indoor sound energy with tunable metamaterial surfaces, Physical Review Applied, 14(3): 034060, doi: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.034060
23. Romani G., Ye Q.Q., Avallone F., Ragni D., Casalino D. (2020), Numerical analysis of fan noise for the NOVA boundary-layer ingestion configuration, Aerospace Science and Technology, 96: 105532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105532
24. Su H., Zhou X., Xu X., Hu G. (2014), Experimental study on acoustic subwavelength imaging of holey-structured metamaterials by resonant tunnelling, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135(4): 1686–1691, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4868395
25. Sui N., Yan X., Huang T.Y., Xu J., Yuan F.G., Jing Y. (2015), A lightweight yet sound-proof honeycomb acoustic metamaterial, Applied Physics Letters, 106(17): 171905, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4919235
26. Szőke M., Fiscaletti D., Azarpeyvand M. (2018), Effect of inclined transverse jets on trailing-edge noise generation, Physics of Fluids, 30(8): 085110, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044380
27. Szőke M., Fiscaletti D., Azarpeyvand M. (2020), Uniform flow injection into a turbulent boundary layer for trailing edge noise reduction, Physics of Fluids, 32(8): 085104, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0013461
28. Tang H., Lei Y.L., Li X.Z. (2019), An acoustic source model for applications in low Mach number turbulent flows, such as a large-scale wind turbine blade, Energies, 12(23): 4596, doi: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/23/4596
29. Wang X., Zhao H., Luo X., Huang Z. (2016), Membrane-constrained acoustic metamaterials for low frequency sound insulation, Applied Physics Letters, 108(4): 041905, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940717
30. Wang Y., Thompson D., Hu Z. (2019), Effect of wall proximity on the flow over a cube and the implications for the noise emitted, Physics of Fluids, 31(7): 077101, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5096072
31. Yang Z.J. et al. (2015), Topological acoustics, Physical Review Letters, 114(11): 114301, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.114301
32. Yao H., Davidson L. (2019), Vibro-acoustics response of a simplified glass window excited by the turbulent wake of a quarter-spherocylinder body, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(5): 3163–3176, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5109548
33. Zheng M.Y., Park C., Liu X.N., Zhu R., Hu G.K., Kim Y.Y. (2020), Non- resonant metasurface for broadband elastic wave mode splitting, Applied Physics Letters, 116(17): 171903, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0005408
2. Bok E., Park J.J., Choi H., Han C.K., Wright O.B., Lee S.H. (2018), Metasurface for water-to-air sound transmission, Physical Review Letters, 120(4): 044302, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.044302
3. Brookea D.C., Umnova O., Leclaire P., Dupont T. (2020), Acoustic metamaterial for low frequency sound absorption in linear and nonlinear regimes, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 485: 115585, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115585
4. Carpio A.R., Avallone F., Ragni D., Snellen M., van der Zwaag S. (2019), Mechanisms of broadband noise generation on metal foam edges, Physics of Fluids, 31(10): 105110, doi 10.1063/1.5121248.
5. Chaitanya P., Joseph P., Ayton L.J. (2020), Leading edge profiles for the reduction of airfoil interaction noise, AIAA Journal, 58(3): 1118–1129, https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J058456
6. Deuse M., Sandberg R.D. (2020), Different noise generation mechanisms of a controlled diffusion aerofoil and their dependence on Mach number, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 476: 115317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115317
7. Du L., Holmberg A., Karlsson M., Åbom M. (2016), Sound amplification at a rectangular t-junction with merging mean flows, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 367: 69–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2015.12.042
8. Fan L., Chen Z., Zhang S., Ding J., Li X., Zhang H. (2015), An acoustic metamaterial composed of multi-layer membrane-coated perforated plates for low-frequency sound insulation, Applied Physics Letters, 106(15): 151908, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4918374
9. Gikadi J., Föller S., Sattelmayer T. (2014), Impact of turbulence on the prediction of linear aeroacoustic interactions: Acoustic response of a turbulent shear layer, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 333(24): 6548–6559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2014.06.033
10. Gu Z., Gao H., Liu T., Li Y., Zhu J. (2020), Dopant-modulated sound transmission with zero index acoustic metamaterials, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(3): 1636–1641, https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0001962
11. Jiang X., Li Y., Zhang L.K. (2017), Thermoviscous effects on sound transmission through a metasurface of hybrid resonances, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 141(4): EL363–EL368, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4979682
12. Jung J.W., Kim J.E., Lee J.W. (2018), Acoustic metamaterial panel for both uid passage and broadband soundproofing in the audible frequency range, Applied Physics Letters, 112(4): 041903, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5004605
13. Kundu P.K., Cohen I.M., Dowling D. (2012), Fluid mechanics, 5th ed., pp. 564–571, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-63410-3
14. Kusano K., Yamada K., Furukawa M. (2020), Aeroacoustic simulation of broadband sound generated from low-Mach-number flows using a lattice Boltzmann method, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 467: 115044, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.115044
15. Li Y., Assouar B. M. (2016), Acoustic metasurface-based perfect absorber with deep subwavelength thickness, Applied Physics Letters, 108(6): 063502, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941338
16. Lu K., Wu J., GuanD., Gao, N., Jing L. (2016), A lightweight low-frequency sound insulation membrane-type acoustic metamaterial, AIP Advances, 6(2): 025116, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942513
17. Menter F. (1994), Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications, AIAA Journal, 32(8): 1598–1605, https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12149
18. Nardini M., Sandberg R.D., Schlanderer S.C. (2020), Computational study of the effect of structural compliance on the noise radiated from an elastic trailing-edge, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 485: 115533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115533
19. Ostashev V.E., Wilson D.K. (2016), Acoustics in Moving Inhomogeneous Media, 2ed., pp. 27–62, Taylor and Francis, https://doi.org/10.1201/b18922
20. Park J.J., Park C.M., Lee K.J.., Lee, S.H. (2015), Acoustic superlens using membrane-based metamaterials, Applied Physics Letters, 106(5): 051901, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907634
21. Pierce A.D. (2019), Acoustics: An Introduction to Its Physical Principles and Applications, 3rd ed., pp. 68–70, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11214-1
22. Qu S., Sheng P. (2020), Minimizing indoor sound energy with tunable metamaterial surfaces, Physical Review Applied, 14(3): 034060, doi: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.034060
23. Romani G., Ye Q.Q., Avallone F., Ragni D., Casalino D. (2020), Numerical analysis of fan noise for the NOVA boundary-layer ingestion configuration, Aerospace Science and Technology, 96: 105532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105532
24. Su H., Zhou X., Xu X., Hu G. (2014), Experimental study on acoustic subwavelength imaging of holey-structured metamaterials by resonant tunnelling, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135(4): 1686–1691, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4868395
25. Sui N., Yan X., Huang T.Y., Xu J., Yuan F.G., Jing Y. (2015), A lightweight yet sound-proof honeycomb acoustic metamaterial, Applied Physics Letters, 106(17): 171905, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4919235
26. Szőke M., Fiscaletti D., Azarpeyvand M. (2018), Effect of inclined transverse jets on trailing-edge noise generation, Physics of Fluids, 30(8): 085110, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5044380
27. Szőke M., Fiscaletti D., Azarpeyvand M. (2020), Uniform flow injection into a turbulent boundary layer for trailing edge noise reduction, Physics of Fluids, 32(8): 085104, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0013461
28. Tang H., Lei Y.L., Li X.Z. (2019), An acoustic source model for applications in low Mach number turbulent flows, such as a large-scale wind turbine blade, Energies, 12(23): 4596, doi: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/23/4596
29. Wang X., Zhao H., Luo X., Huang Z. (2016), Membrane-constrained acoustic metamaterials for low frequency sound insulation, Applied Physics Letters, 108(4): 041905, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940717
30. Wang Y., Thompson D., Hu Z. (2019), Effect of wall proximity on the flow over a cube and the implications for the noise emitted, Physics of Fluids, 31(7): 077101, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5096072
31. Yang Z.J. et al. (2015), Topological acoustics, Physical Review Letters, 114(11): 114301, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.114301
32. Yao H., Davidson L. (2019), Vibro-acoustics response of a simplified glass window excited by the turbulent wake of a quarter-spherocylinder body, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(5): 3163–3176, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5109548
33. Zheng M.Y., Park C., Liu X.N., Zhu R., Hu G.K., Kim Y.Y. (2020), Non- resonant metasurface for broadband elastic wave mode splitting, Applied Physics Letters, 116(17): 171903, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0005408
