Abstract
The current study is dedicated to measuring vowel temporal acoustics (duration, durational difference, and durational ratio) in the medial position of mostly CVCVCV polysyllabic words in Arabic and Japanese, avoiding the asymmetries in vowel position, syllable structure, and coda consonant quantity (singleton versus geminate) observed in previous experiments. Twenty-nine (16 Arabic and 13 Japanese) participants were asked to use a carrier sentence to produce 60 polysyllabic (mainly CVCVCV) items that contrasted in vowel quantity (short versus long) and vowel quality (/a/, /i/, and /u/) at a normal speech rate. The results show that while short and long vowels are durationally distinct within a language, Japanese vowels are clearly longer than Arabic vowels, although the durational difference remains approximately the same between the two languages. The durational ratio of short-to-long vowel presents a new pattern that contrasts with that reported in earlier research. Specifically, Japanese long vowels in the medial position of polysyllabic words are twice as long as their short counterparts, while Arabic long vowels are more than twice as long. This shows that both vowel position and syllable structure must be considered when measuring vowel temporal acoustics or when structuring stimuli for perception experiments.Keywords:
temporal acoustics, vowel duration, durational difference, durational ratio, Arabic, JapaneseReferences
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3. Ahmed A.A.M. (2008), Production and perception of Libyan Arabic vowels, Ph.D. Thesis, School of Education, Communication, and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, http://hdl.handle.net/10443/846
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5. Aldholmi Y., Alotaibi S., Alrouqi M. (2021), Rating nonnativeness in L1-Japanese L2-Arabic Speakers’ Vowels, [in:] Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics (ExLing 2021), pp. 9–12, https://doi.org/10.36505/ExLing-2021/12/0003/000476
6. Aldubai N.A. (2015), The impact of geminates on the duration of the preceding and following vowels in Ta'zi dialect, Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 6(1): 335–358, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2834455
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8. Almbark R., Hellmuth S. (2015), Acoustic analysis of the Syrian vowel system, [in:] The 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences ICPhS, http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/28138/
9. Almisreb A.A., Abidin A. F., Tahir N.M. (2016), An acoustic investigation of Arabic vowels pronounced by Malay speakers, Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences, 28(2): 148–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2015.08.003
10. Al-Tamimi J., Barkat-Defradas M. (2003), Inter-dialectal and inter-individual variability in production and perception: a preliminary study in Jordanian and Moroccan Arabic, [in:] Proceedings Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe (5th AIDA), pp. 171–186, http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/fulltext/Al-Tamimi/Al-Tamimi_2002_AIDA.pdf
11. Amir N., Amir O., Rosenhouse J. (2014), Colloquial Arabic vowels in Israel: A comparative acoustic study of two dialects, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(4): 1895–1907, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894725
12. Amir N., Tzenker O., Amir O., Rosenhouse, J. (2012), Quantifying vowel characteristics in Hebrew and Arabic, [in:] Afeka-AVIOS Speech Processing Conference, pp. 37–43, https://www.isca-speech.org/archive_v0/avios_12/papers/avio_037.pdf
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15. Brame M.K. (1971), Stress in Arabic and generative phonology, 7(4): 556–591, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25000563
16. Cantineau J. (1956), The phonemic system of Damascus Arabic, Word, 12(1): 116–124, https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1956.11659595
17. Cowan W. (1970), The vowels of Egyptian Arabic, Word, 26(1): 94–100, https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1970.11435584
18. Cutler A., Otake T. (1999), Pitch accent in spoken-word recognition in Japanese, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(3): 1877–1888, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.426724
19. Dauer R.M. (1983), Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed, Journal of phonetics, 11(1): 51–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30776-4
20. De Jong K., Zawaydeh B. (2002), Comparing stress, lexical focus, and segmental focus: Patterns of variation in Arabic vowel duration, Journal of Phonetics, 30(1): 53–75, https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2001.0151
21. Ferguson C.A. (1957), Two problems in Arabic phonology, Word, 13(3): 460–478, https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1957.11659647
22. Ferrat K., Guerti M. (2017), An experimental study of the gemination in Arabic language, Archives of Acoustics, 42(4): 571–578, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2017-0061
23. Flege J.E., Port R. (1981), Cross-language phonetic interference: Arabic to English, Language and Speech, 24(2): 125–146, https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098102400202
24. Frej M.Y. (2021), The production and perception of peripheral geminate/singleton coronal stop contrasts in Arabic, Ph.D. Thesis, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behavior and Development, Western Sydney University, Australia, http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:62306
25. Halpern J. (2009), Word stress and vowel neutralization in modern standard Arabic, [in:] Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools, pp. 1–7, http://www.elda.org/medar-conference/
26. Harris Z.S. (1942), The phonemes of Moroccan Arabic, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 62(4): 309–318, https://doi.org/10.2307/594035
27. Hassan Z.M. (1981), An experimental study of vowel duration in Iraqi spoken Arabic, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, University of Leeds, https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2345/
28. Hassan Z.M. (2002), Gemination in Swedish and Arabic with a particular reference to the preceding vowel duration: an instrumental and comparative approach, [in:] Proceedings of Fonetik, 44(1): 81–84, https://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/qpsr/2002/2002_44_1_081-084.pdf
29. Hirata Y. (2004), Effects of speaking rate on the vowel length distinction in Japanese, Journal of Phonetics, 32(4): 565–589, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.004
30. Hong S.A., Sarmah, P. (2009), Korean perception of Arabic phonemes, Current Issues in Linguistic Interfaces, 2: 375–386.
31. Inaba S. (1998), Moras, syllables, and feet in Japanese, [in:] Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pp. 106–117, https://aclanthology.org/Y98-1000
32. Kalaldeh R. (2018), Acoustic analysis of Modern Standard Arabic vowels by Jordanian speakers, International Journal of Arabic-English Studies, 18(1): 23–48, http://www.ijaes.net/article/FullText/2?volume=18&issue=1
33. Kawahara S. (2015), The phonetics of sokuon, or geminate obstruents, [in:] Handbook of Japanese phonetics and phonology, pp. 43–78, De Gruyter Mouton, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614511984.43
34. Klatt D.H. (1976), Linguistic uses of segmental duration in English: Acoustic and perceptual evidence, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 59(5): 1208–1221, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380986
35. Kotby M.N., Saleh M., Hegazi M., Gamal N., Salam M.A., Nabil A., Fahmi S. (2011), The Arabic vowels: Features and possible clinical application in communication disorders, Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 63(4): 171–177, https://doi.org/10.1159/000316323
36. Lababidi Z., Park H. (2016), L1-English tense-lax vowel system influence on L2-Arabic short and long vowel learning, [in]: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XXVIII: Papers from the Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 63–88, https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.4.03lab
37. Maddieson I., Hardcastle W.J., Laver J. (1996), Phonetic universals, [in:] UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, pp. 160–178, Los Angeles.
38. Mitleb F. (1984a), Vowel length contrast in Arabic and English: A spectrographic test, Journal of Phonetics, 12(3): 229–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30879-4
39. Mitleb F.M. (1984b), Voicing effect on vowel duration is not an absolute universal, Journal of Phonetics, 12(1): 23-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30847-2
40. Mori Y., Erickson D. (2008), Effects of accentual fall on phrase-final vowel duration in Japanese, Phonetica, 65(3): 148–172, https://doi.org/10.1159/000144079
41. Roach P. (1982), On the distinction between ‘stress-timed’ and ‘syllable-timed’ languages. Linguistic controversies, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/On-the-distinction-between-%27stress-timed%27-and-Roach/f7dd8652431bff1a757ead50b0e49921a54444e9
42. Saadah E. (2011), The production of Arabic vowels by English L2 learners and heritage speakers of Arabic, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, http://hdl.handle.net/2142/24104
43. Sagisaka Y. (1984), Phoneme duration control for speech synthesis by rule, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals (Japanese Edition), A, 67(7): 629–636, https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573105974984442752
44. Takeda K., Sagisaka Y., Kuwabara H. (1989), On sentence‐level factors governing segmental duration in Japanese, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 86(6): 2081–2087, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.398467
45. Tsukada K. (2009), An acoustic comparison of vowel length contrasts in standard Arabic, Japanese and Thai, [in:] 2009 International Conference on Asian Language Processing, 19(4): 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1109/IALP.2009.25
46. Tsukada K. (2010), Vowel Length Categorization in Arabic and Japanese: Comparison of Native Japanese and Non-native Learners’ Perception. [in:] 13th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, pp. 126–129, https://assta.org/proceedings/sst/SST-10/SST2010/PDF/AUTHOR/ST100010.PDF
47. Tsukada K. (2011a), Effect of multi-lingualism on the perception of short and long vowels in Arabic and Japanese, [in:] Proceedings of the 17th International Congress Of Phonetic Sciences ICPhS, pp. 2034–2037, https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/effect-of-multi-lingualism-on-perception-of-short-and-long-vowels
48. Tsukada K. (2011b), The perception of Arabic and Japanese short and long vowels by native speakers of Arabic, Japanese, and Persian, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129(2): 989–998, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3531801
49. Tsukada K. (2012a), Comparison of native versus nonnative perception of vowel length contrasts in Arabic and Japanese, Applied Psycholinguistics, 33(3): 501–516, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716411000452
50. Tsukada K. (2012b), Non-native Japanese listeners’ perception of vowel length contrasts in Japanese and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Second Language Research, 28(2): 151–168, https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658311435870
51. Tsukada K. (2013), Vowel length categorization in Arabic and Japanese: Comparison of native and non-native Japanese perception, Speech, Language and Hearing, 16(4): 187–196, https://doi.org/10.1179/2050572813Y.0000000012
52. Zaltz Y., Segal O. (2022), The perception of arabic vowel duration by L1 Hebrew speakers: Can a short training remold the effect of the native phonological system?, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 44(1): 143–163, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263120000728
2. Abercrombie D. (1967), Elements of General Phonetics, Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago.
3. Ahmed A.A.M. (2008), Production and perception of Libyan Arabic vowels, Ph.D. Thesis, School of Education, Communication, and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, http://hdl.handle.net/10443/846
4. Al-Ani S.H. (1970), Arabic Phonology: An Accoustical and Physiological Investigation, Mouton Publisher.
5. Aldholmi Y., Alotaibi S., Alrouqi M. (2021), Rating nonnativeness in L1-Japanese L2-Arabic Speakers’ Vowels, [in:] Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics (ExLing 2021), pp. 9–12, https://doi.org/10.36505/ExLing-2021/12/0003/000476
6. Aldubai N.A. (2015), The impact of geminates on the duration of the preceding and following vowels in Ta'zi dialect, Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 6(1): 335–358, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2834455
7. Alghamdi M.M. (1998), A spectrographic analysis of Arabic vowels: A cross-dialect study, Journal of King Saud University – Journal of Arts, 10(1): 3–24, https://arts.ksu.edu.sa/sites/arts.ksu.edu.sa/files/imce_images/v10m190r1962.pdf
8. Almbark R., Hellmuth S. (2015), Acoustic analysis of the Syrian vowel system, [in:] The 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences ICPhS, http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/28138/
9. Almisreb A.A., Abidin A. F., Tahir N.M. (2016), An acoustic investigation of Arabic vowels pronounced by Malay speakers, Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences, 28(2): 148–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2015.08.003
10. Al-Tamimi J., Barkat-Defradas M. (2003), Inter-dialectal and inter-individual variability in production and perception: a preliminary study in Jordanian and Moroccan Arabic, [in:] Proceedings Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe (5th AIDA), pp. 171–186, http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/fulltext/Al-Tamimi/Al-Tamimi_2002_AIDA.pdf
11. Amir N., Amir O., Rosenhouse J. (2014), Colloquial Arabic vowels in Israel: A comparative acoustic study of two dialects, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(4): 1895–1907, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4894725
12. Amir N., Tzenker O., Amir O., Rosenhouse, J. (2012), Quantifying vowel characteristics in Hebrew and Arabic, [in:] Afeka-AVIOS Speech Processing Conference, pp. 37–43, https://www.isca-speech.org/archive_v0/avios_12/papers/avio_037.pdf
13. Ammar Z., Fougeron C., Ridouane R. (2014), In search of dialectal traces in standard Arabic: production of vowels and interdental fricatives by Tunisian and Moroccan speakers [in French: A la recherche des traces dialectales dans l’arabe standard: production des voyelles et des fricatives inter-dentales par des locuteurs tunisiens et marocains], [in:] 30èmes Journées d’Etudes sur la Parole (JEP 2014), https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01401827
14. Boersma P., Weenink D. (2022), Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.2.09, http://www.praat.org/ (access: 15.01.2022).
15. Brame M.K. (1971), Stress in Arabic and generative phonology, 7(4): 556–591, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25000563
16. Cantineau J. (1956), The phonemic system of Damascus Arabic, Word, 12(1): 116–124, https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1956.11659595
17. Cowan W. (1970), The vowels of Egyptian Arabic, Word, 26(1): 94–100, https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1970.11435584
18. Cutler A., Otake T. (1999), Pitch accent in spoken-word recognition in Japanese, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(3): 1877–1888, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.426724
19. Dauer R.M. (1983), Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed, Journal of phonetics, 11(1): 51–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30776-4
20. De Jong K., Zawaydeh B. (2002), Comparing stress, lexical focus, and segmental focus: Patterns of variation in Arabic vowel duration, Journal of Phonetics, 30(1): 53–75, https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2001.0151
21. Ferguson C.A. (1957), Two problems in Arabic phonology, Word, 13(3): 460–478, https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1957.11659647
22. Ferrat K., Guerti M. (2017), An experimental study of the gemination in Arabic language, Archives of Acoustics, 42(4): 571–578, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2017-0061
23. Flege J.E., Port R. (1981), Cross-language phonetic interference: Arabic to English, Language and Speech, 24(2): 125–146, https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098102400202
24. Frej M.Y. (2021), The production and perception of peripheral geminate/singleton coronal stop contrasts in Arabic, Ph.D. Thesis, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behavior and Development, Western Sydney University, Australia, http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:62306
25. Halpern J. (2009), Word stress and vowel neutralization in modern standard Arabic, [in:] Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools, pp. 1–7, http://www.elda.org/medar-conference/
26. Harris Z.S. (1942), The phonemes of Moroccan Arabic, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 62(4): 309–318, https://doi.org/10.2307/594035
27. Hassan Z.M. (1981), An experimental study of vowel duration in Iraqi spoken Arabic, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, University of Leeds, https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2345/
28. Hassan Z.M. (2002), Gemination in Swedish and Arabic with a particular reference to the preceding vowel duration: an instrumental and comparative approach, [in:] Proceedings of Fonetik, 44(1): 81–84, https://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/qpsr/2002/2002_44_1_081-084.pdf
29. Hirata Y. (2004), Effects of speaking rate on the vowel length distinction in Japanese, Journal of Phonetics, 32(4): 565–589, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.004
30. Hong S.A., Sarmah, P. (2009), Korean perception of Arabic phonemes, Current Issues in Linguistic Interfaces, 2: 375–386.
31. Inaba S. (1998), Moras, syllables, and feet in Japanese, [in:] Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pp. 106–117, https://aclanthology.org/Y98-1000
32. Kalaldeh R. (2018), Acoustic analysis of Modern Standard Arabic vowels by Jordanian speakers, International Journal of Arabic-English Studies, 18(1): 23–48, http://www.ijaes.net/article/FullText/2?volume=18&issue=1
33. Kawahara S. (2015), The phonetics of sokuon, or geminate obstruents, [in:] Handbook of Japanese phonetics and phonology, pp. 43–78, De Gruyter Mouton, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614511984.43
34. Klatt D.H. (1976), Linguistic uses of segmental duration in English: Acoustic and perceptual evidence, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 59(5): 1208–1221, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380986
35. Kotby M.N., Saleh M., Hegazi M., Gamal N., Salam M.A., Nabil A., Fahmi S. (2011), The Arabic vowels: Features and possible clinical application in communication disorders, Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 63(4): 171–177, https://doi.org/10.1159/000316323
36. Lababidi Z., Park H. (2016), L1-English tense-lax vowel system influence on L2-Arabic short and long vowel learning, [in]: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XXVIII: Papers from the Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 63–88, https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.4.03lab
37. Maddieson I., Hardcastle W.J., Laver J. (1996), Phonetic universals, [in:] UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, pp. 160–178, Los Angeles.
38. Mitleb F. (1984a), Vowel length contrast in Arabic and English: A spectrographic test, Journal of Phonetics, 12(3): 229–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30879-4
39. Mitleb F.M. (1984b), Voicing effect on vowel duration is not an absolute universal, Journal of Phonetics, 12(1): 23-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30847-2
40. Mori Y., Erickson D. (2008), Effects of accentual fall on phrase-final vowel duration in Japanese, Phonetica, 65(3): 148–172, https://doi.org/10.1159/000144079
41. Roach P. (1982), On the distinction between ‘stress-timed’ and ‘syllable-timed’ languages. Linguistic controversies, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/On-the-distinction-between-%27stress-timed%27-and-Roach/f7dd8652431bff1a757ead50b0e49921a54444e9
42. Saadah E. (2011), The production of Arabic vowels by English L2 learners and heritage speakers of Arabic, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, http://hdl.handle.net/2142/24104
43. Sagisaka Y. (1984), Phoneme duration control for speech synthesis by rule, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals (Japanese Edition), A, 67(7): 629–636, https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573105974984442752
44. Takeda K., Sagisaka Y., Kuwabara H. (1989), On sentence‐level factors governing segmental duration in Japanese, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 86(6): 2081–2087, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.398467
45. Tsukada K. (2009), An acoustic comparison of vowel length contrasts in standard Arabic, Japanese and Thai, [in:] 2009 International Conference on Asian Language Processing, 19(4): 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1109/IALP.2009.25
46. Tsukada K. (2010), Vowel Length Categorization in Arabic and Japanese: Comparison of Native Japanese and Non-native Learners’ Perception. [in:] 13th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, pp. 126–129, https://assta.org/proceedings/sst/SST-10/SST2010/PDF/AUTHOR/ST100010.PDF
47. Tsukada K. (2011a), Effect of multi-lingualism on the perception of short and long vowels in Arabic and Japanese, [in:] Proceedings of the 17th International Congress Of Phonetic Sciences ICPhS, pp. 2034–2037, https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/effect-of-multi-lingualism-on-perception-of-short-and-long-vowels
48. Tsukada K. (2011b), The perception of Arabic and Japanese short and long vowels by native speakers of Arabic, Japanese, and Persian, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129(2): 989–998, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3531801
49. Tsukada K. (2012a), Comparison of native versus nonnative perception of vowel length contrasts in Arabic and Japanese, Applied Psycholinguistics, 33(3): 501–516, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716411000452
50. Tsukada K. (2012b), Non-native Japanese listeners’ perception of vowel length contrasts in Japanese and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Second Language Research, 28(2): 151–168, https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658311435870
51. Tsukada K. (2013), Vowel length categorization in Arabic and Japanese: Comparison of native and non-native Japanese perception, Speech, Language and Hearing, 16(4): 187–196, https://doi.org/10.1179/2050572813Y.0000000012
52. Zaltz Y., Segal O. (2022), The perception of arabic vowel duration by L1 Hebrew speakers: Can a short training remold the effect of the native phonological system?, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 44(1): 143–163, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263120000728
