Abstract
The acoustic effect of windows installed in a prefabricated wood frame façade was considered. Windows inserted into a lightweight wall modify its structural scheme. The research aimed to investigate the possible interaction of the façade’s main components and their actual contribution to the total sound insulation. The principal research question involved the prediction of the acoustic performance of the complete prefabricated panel from the performance of its basic elements, an opaque part and windows. As the frequency-dependent characteristics of the elements differ substantially, the use of single number values for prediction and accuracy was of particular interest. The study is based on laboratory measurements. Initially, two full-scale samples of an opaque wall and four windows were tested separately. Then, several variants of the façade consisting of various combinations of these elements were examined. The results of measurements were juxtaposed and compared with calculated values. The frequency-dependent experimental results were fairly consistent with calculations. The estimations based on single number quantities were also in good agreement with measurements. Thus, it may be concluded that the façade elements did not interact significantly, and the single number calculations give reliable results that can be used in practice.Keywords:
sound insulation, lightweight frame building, prefabricated façade, windows, protection against noiseReferences
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29. Tadeu A.J.B., Mateus D.M.R. (2001), Sound transmission through single, double and triple glazing. Experimental evaluation, Applied Acoustics, 62(3): 307–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-682X%2800%2900032-3
30. Utley W.A., Fletcher B.L. (1969), Influence of edge conditions on the sound insulation of windows, Applied Acoustics, 2(2): 131–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-682X%2869%2990015-2
31. Weber L. (2003), Uniform acoustical characterization of External Thermal Insulation Systems, IBP report B-BA 6/2002, Stuttgart.
2. Bradley J.S., Birta J.A. (2001), On the sound insulation of wood stud exterior walls, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110(6): 3086–3096, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1416200
3. Buratti C., Belloni E., Moretti E. (2014), Façade noise abatement prediction: New spectrum adaptation terms measured in field in different road and railway traffic conditions, Applied Acoustics, 76: 238–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2013.08.016
4. Caniato M. (2020), Sound insulation of complex façades: A complete study combining different numerical approaches, Applied Acoustics, 169: 107484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107484
5. Caniato M., Bettarello F., Ferluga A., Marsich L., Schmid C., Fausti P. (2017), Acoustic of lightweight timber buildings: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80: 585–596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.110
6. Casini D., Cellai G., Fogola J., Scamoni F., Secchi S. (2016), Correlation between facade sound insulation and urban noise: A contribution to the acoustic classification of existing buildings, Building Acoustics, 23(3): 145–158, https://doi.org/10.1177/1351010X16670173
7. Davy J.L., Fard M., Dong W., Loverde J. (2019), Empirical corrections for predicting the sound insulation of double leaf cavity stud building elements with stiffer studs, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(2): 703–713, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5089222
8. Di Bella A., Granzotto N., Pavarin C. (2014), Comparative analysis of thermal and acoustic performance of building elements, [in:] Proceedings of Forum Acusticum. European Acoustics Association, EAA, Kraków.
9. ISO 10140-2:2021 (2021), Acoustics – Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements – Part 2: Measurement of airborne sound insulation.
10. ISO 10140-4:2021 (2021), Acoustics – Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements – Part 4: Measurement procedures and requirements.
11. ISO 717-1:2020 (2020), Acoustics – Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements – Part 1: Airborne sound insulation.
12. Keränen J., Hakala J., Hongisto V. (2019), The sound insulation of façades at frequencies 5–5000 Hz, Building and Environment, 156: 12–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.061
13. Kim M.J., Kim H.G. (2007), Field measurements of façade sound insulation in residential buildings with balcony windows, Building and Environment, 42(2): 1026–1035, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.036
14. Liebl A., Späh M., Bartlomé O., Kittel M. (2013), Evaluation of acoustic quality in wooden buildings, [in:] Proceedings of 42nd International Congress and Exposition.
Noise Control Engineering, INTER-NOISE Noise Control for Quality of Life 2, pp. 1492–1500, Insbruck.
15. Ljunggren F., Ågren A. (2011), Potential solutions to improved sound performance of volume based lightweight multi-storey timber buildings, Applied Acoustics, 72(4): 231–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2010.11.007
16. Miskinis K., Dikavicius V., Bliudzius R., Banionis K. (2015), Comparison of sound insulation of windows with double glass units, Applied Acoustics, 92: 42–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.01.007
17. Nurzyński J. (2007), Evaluation of acoustic performance of multifamily buildings, open building manufacturing approach, [in:] Proceedings of 36th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering, INTER-NOISE 2007, pp. 1770–1779, Istanbul.
18. Nurzyński J. (2020), Influence of sealing on the acoustic performance of PVC windows, [in:] Research in Building Physics, pp. 595–603, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078852-82
19. Nurzyński J. (2022), Sound insulation of lightweight external frame walls and the acoustic effect of additional thermal insulation, Applied Acoustics, 190: 108645, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.108645
20. Quirt J.D. (1982), Sound transmission through windows I. Single and double glazing, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 72(3): 834–844, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.388263
21. Quirt J.D. (1983), Sound transmission through windows II. Double and triple glazing, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 74(2): 534–542, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.389819
22. Quirt J.D., Warnock A., Halliwell R., Birta J. (1992), Influence of stud type and spacing, screw spacing, and sound absorbing material on the sound transmission through a double panel wall specimen, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92(4): 2470–2470, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.404482
23. Rasmussen B. (2010), Sound insulation between dwellings – Requirements in building regulations in Europe, Applied Acoustics, 71(4): 373–385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.08.011
24. Rasmussen B., Rindel J.H. (2010) Sound insulation between dwellings – Descriptors applied in building regulations in Europe, Applied Acoustics, 71(3): 171–180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.05.002
25. Ryu J., Song H. (2019), Effect of building façade on indoor transportation noise annoyance in terms of frequency spectrum and expectation for sound insulation, Applied Acoustics, 152: 21–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.03.020
26. Santoni A., Bonfiglio P., Davy J.L., Fausti P., Pompoli F., Pagnoncelli L. (2017), Sound transmission loss of ETICS cladding systems considering the structure-borne transmission via the mechanical fixings: Numerical prediction model and experimental evaluation, Applied Acoustics, 122: 88–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.02.008
27. Scrosati C. et al. (2016), Uncertainty of façade sound insulation by a Round Robin Test. Evaluations of low-frequency procedure and single numbers, Building and Environment, 105: 253–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.003
28. Šujanová P., Rychtáriková M., Mayor T.S., Hyder A. (2019), A healthy, energy-efficient and comfortable indoor environment, a review, Energies, 12(8): 1414, https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081414
29. Tadeu A.J.B., Mateus D.M.R. (2001), Sound transmission through single, double and triple glazing. Experimental evaluation, Applied Acoustics, 62(3): 307–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-682X%2800%2900032-3
30. Utley W.A., Fletcher B.L. (1969), Influence of edge conditions on the sound insulation of windows, Applied Acoustics, 2(2): 131–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-682X%2869%2990015-2
31. Weber L. (2003), Uniform acoustical characterization of External Thermal Insulation Systems, IBP report B-BA 6/2002, Stuttgart.
