Ultrasonic P- and S-Wave Reflection and CPT Soundings for Measuring Shear Strength in Soil Stabilized by Deep Lime/Cement Columns in Stockholm Norvik Port
Abstract
In this research project, the measurements of the ultrasonic P- and S-waves and seismic cone penetration testing (CPT) were applied to identify subsurface conditions and properties of clayey soil stabilized with lime/cement columns in the Stockholm Norvik Port, Sweden. Applied geophysical methods enabled to identify a connection between the resistance of soil and strength in the stabilized columns. The records of the seismic tests were obtained in the laboratory of Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) through estimated P- and S-wave velocities using techniques of resonance frequency measurement of the stabilized specimens. The CPT profiles were used to evaluate the quality of the lime/cement columns of the reinforced soil by the interpretation of signals. The relationship between the P- and S-waves demonstrated a gain in strength during soil hardening. The quality of soil was evaluated by seismic measurements with aim to achieve sufficient strength of foundations prior to the construction of the infrastructure objects and industrial works. Seismic CPT is an effective method essential to evaluate the correct placement of the CPT inside the column. This work demonstrated the alternative seismic methods supporting the up-hole technology of drilling techniques for practical purpose in civil engineering and geotechnical works.Keywords:
civil engineering, soil stabilization, compressive strength, cement, lime, seismic wavesReferences
1. Abbiss C.P. (1981), Shear wave measurements of the elasticity of the ground, Géotechnique, 31(1): 91–104, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1981.31.1.91
2. Åhnberg H. (2003), Measured permeabilities in stabilized Swedish soils, [in:] Third International Conference on Grouting and Ground Treatment, pp. 622–633, https://doi.org/10.1061/40663%282003%2934
3. Åhnberg H., Holm G. (1987), On the influence of the curing temperature on the shear strength of lime and cement-stabilized soil [in Swedish: Om inverkan av härdningstemperaturen påskjuvhållfast- heten hos kalk- och cementstabiliserad jord], Swedish Geotechnical Institute.
4. Alvarado G., Coop M. (2012), On the performance of bender elements in triaxial tests, Géotechnique, 62(1): 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00086
5. Amaral M.F., Da Fonseca A.V., Arroyo M., Cascante G., Carvalho J. (2011), Compression and shear wave propagation in cemented-sand specimens, Géotechnique Letters, 1(3): 79–84, https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.11.00032
6. Archeewa E., Puppala A.J., Saride S., Kalla S. (2011), Numerical model studies of deep soil mixing (DSM) column to mitigate bridge approach settlements, [in:] Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011, pp. 3286–3295.
7. Avci E., Mollamahmutoglu M. (2016), UCS Properties of superfine cement–grouted sand, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(12): 06016015, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0001659
8. Bache B.K.F., Wiersholm P., Paniagua P., Emdal A. (2022), Efect of temperature on the strength of lime–cement stabilized Norwegian clays, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 148(3): 04021198, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0002699
9. Benz Navarrete M.A., Breul P., Gourvès R. (2022), Application of wave equation theory to improve dynamic cone penetration test for shallow soil characterisation, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 14(1): 289–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.07.004
10. Bergado D.T., Jamsawang P., Tanchaisawat T., Lai Y.P., Lorenzo G.A. (2008), Performance of reinforced load transfer platforms for embankments supported by deep cement mixing piles, [in:] GeoCongress 2008: Geosustainability and Geohazard Mitigation, pp. 628–637.
11. Bin-Shafique S., Rahman K., Azfar I. (2011), The effect of freezing-thawing cycles on performance of fly ash stabilized expansive soil subbases, [in:] Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 697–706.
12. Bisht V., Salgado R., Prezzi M. (2021), Material point method for cone penetration in clays, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(12): 04021158, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0002687
13. Brouwer J.J.M. (2007), In-situ Soil Testing, HIS BRE Press.
14. Chand S.K., Subbarao C. (2007), In-place stabilization of pond ash deposits by hydrated lime columns, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(12): 1609–1616, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%291090-0241%282007%29133%3A12%281609%29
15. Chen Y., Zhou Y., Kong G., Chen L., Chen G. (2021), Settlement and stress analysis of soil–cement column-reinforced foundation under an in situ stabilized layer, International Journal of Geomechanics, 21(12): 06021032, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GM.1943-5622.0002205
16. Colombero R., Kontoe S., Foti S., Potts D.M. (2015), Numerical modelling of wave attenuation through soil, [in:] Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development, pp. 3959–3964.
17. El-Rawi N.M., Awad A.A. (1981), Permeability of lime stabilized soils, Transportation Engineering Journal of ASCE, 107(1): 25–35, https://doi.org/10.1061/TPEJAN.0000907
18. Elsworth D., Lee D.S., Hryciw R., Shin S. (2006), Pore pressure response following undrained uCPT sounding in a dilating soil, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(11): 1485–1495, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%291090-0241%282006%29132%3A11%281485%29
19. Eriksson H. (2015), Personal and written communication with Håkan Eriksson, Unpublished discussions, Geomind.
20. Fitzgerald M., Elsworth D. (2012), Liquefaction resistance recovered from “on-the-fly” CPTu-measured pore pressures, [in:] Processing of the Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Congress IV, https://doi.org/10.1061/40975%28318%2969
21. Foti S., Lai C.G., Lancellotta R. (2002), Porosity of fluid-saturated porous media from measured seismic wave velocities, Géotechnique, 52(5): 359–373, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2002.52.5.359
22. Foti S., Lancellotta R. (2004), Soil porosity from seismic velocities, Géotechnique, 54(8): 551–554, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.8.551
23. Garcia-Suarez J., Seylabi E., Asimaki D. (2021), Seismic harmonic response of inhomogeneous soil: Scaling analysis, Géotechnique, 71(5): 392–405, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.19.P.042
24. Guan Z., Wang Y., Zhao T. (2022), Adaptive sampling strategy for characterizing spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential using cone penetration test, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 14(4): 1221–1231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.01.011
25. Heidarizadeh Y., Lajevardi S.H., Sharifipour M. (2021), Correlation between small-strain shear stiffness and compressive strength of clayey soils stabilized with cement and Nano-SiO2, International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 7: 12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00258-x
26. Hepton P. (1989), Shear wave velocity measurements during penetration testing, [in:] Penetration testing in the UK, pp. 275–278, The Institution of Civil Engineers.
27. Hepton P. (2015), Deep rotary cored boreholes in soils using wireline drilling, [in:] Advances in Site Investigation Practice, pp. 269–280, The Institution of Civil Engineers.
28. Ito T., Mori Y., Asada A. (1994), Evaluation of resistance to liquefaction caused by earthquakes in sandy soil stabilized with quick-lime consolidated briquette piles, Soils and Foundations, 34(1): 33–40, https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.34.33
29. Jamiolkowski M., Presti D.C.F.L., Manassero M. (2003), Evaluation of relative density and shear strength of sands from CPT and DMT, [in:] Symposium on Soil Behavior and Soft Ground Construction Honoring Charles C. “Chuck” Ladd, pp. 201–238, https://doi.org/10.1061/40659%282003%297
30. Jefferies M. (2022), On the fundamental nature of the state parameter, Géotechnique, 72(12): 1082–1091, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.228
31. Jones R. (1958), In-situ measurement of the dynamic properties of soil by vibration methods, Géotechnique, 8(1): 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1958.8.1.1
32. Kichou Z., Mavroulidou M., Gunn M.J. (2022), Investigation of the strength evolution of lime-treated London clay soil, [in:] Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Ground Improvement, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00053
33. Kim S., Gopalakrishnan K., Ceylan H. (2012), Moisture susceptibility of subgrade soils stabilized by lignin-based renewable energy coproduct, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 138(11): 1283–1290, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29TE.1943-5436.0000097
34. Lambrechts J.R., Ganse M.A., Layhee C.A. (2012), Soil mixing to stabilize organic clay for I-95 widening, [in:] Third International Conference on Grouting and Ground Treatment, pp. 575–585.
35. Lapointe E., Fannin J., Wilson B.W. (2012), Cement-treated soil: Variation of UCS with soil type, [in:] Proceedings of the Fourth 502 International Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing, pp. 512–521, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412350.0037
36. Larsson S. (2017), Personal communication with Stefan Larsson, Unpublished discussions, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
37. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2021a), Evaluation of different binder combinations of cement, slag and CKD for S/S treatment of TBT contaminated sediments, Acta Mechanica et Automatica, 15: 236–248, https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2021-0030
38. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2021b), Resonant frequency ultrasonic P-Waves for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of the stabilized slag–cement sediments, Nordic Concrete Research, 65: 39–62, https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2021-0012
39. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022a), Dynamics of strength gain in sandy soil stabilised with mixed binders evaluated by elastic P-Waves during compressive loading, Materials, 15(21): 7798, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217798
40. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022b), Geochemical tests to study the effects of cement ratio on potassium and TBT leaching and the pH of the marine sediments from the Kattegat Strait, Port of Gothenburg, Baltica, 35: 47–59, https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2022.1.4
41. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022c), Impact of strength-enhancing admixtures on stabilization of expansive soil by addition of alternative binders, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 18(2): 726–735, https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2022-0067
42. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022d), Seismic velocity of P-waves to evaluate strength of stabilized soil for Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget Biorefinery Östrand AB, Timrå, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences, 70(4): e141593, https://doi.org/10.24425/bpasts.2022.141593
43. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022e), Simplex lattice and X-ray diffraction for analysis of soil structure: A case of cement-stabilised compacted tills reinforced with steel slag and slaked lime, Electronics, 11(22): 3726, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223726
44. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022f), Soil contamination from heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (PAH, PCB and HCB) in the coastal area of Västernorrland, Sweden, Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management, 38(2): 147–168, https://doi.org/10.24425/gsm.2022.141662
45. Madhyannapu R.S., Puppala A.J. (2014), Design and construction guidelines for deep soil mixing to stabilize expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(9): 04014051, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0001149
46. Madhyannapu R.S., Puppala A.J., Bhadriraju V., Nazarian S. (2009), Deep soil mixing (DSM) treatment of expansive soils, [in:] Advances in Ground Improvement: Research to Practice in the United States and China, pp. 130–139, https://doi.org/10.1061/41025%28338%2914
47. Madhyannapu R.S., Puppala A.J., Nazarian S., Yuan D. (2010), Quality assessment and quality control of deep soil mixing construction for stabilizing expansive subsoils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(1): 119–128, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0000188
48. Makusa G.P., Mattsson H., Knutsson S. (2014), Shear strength evaluation of preloaded stabilized dredged sediments using CPT, [in:] Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, pp. 753–760, http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-35248 (access: 20.12.2022).
49. McCallum A. (2014), A brief introduction to cone penetration testing (CPT) in frozen geomaterials, Annals of Glaciology, 55(68): 7–14, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG68A005
50. Mirzababaei M., Arulrajah A., Haque A., Nimbalkar S., Mohajerani A. (2018), Effect of fiber reinforcement on shear strength and void ratio of soft clay, Geosynthetics International, 25(4): 471–480, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.18.00023
51. Montgomery D.C. (1996), Design and Analysis ofExperiments, 7th ed., Wiley.
52. Myers R.H., Montgomery D.C. (1995), Response Surface Methodology, Wiley.
53. Olsen R.S. (2018), CPT prediction of liquefaction resistance using the CPT soil characterization curve lookup technique, [in:] Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V, pp. 170–181.
54. Orakoglu M.E., Liu J., Lin R., Tian Y. (2017), Performance of clay soil reinforced with fly ash and lignin fiber subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 31(4): 04017013, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CR.1943-5495.0000139
55. Price A.B., DeJong J.T., Boulanger R.W., Parra Bastidas A.M., Moug D. (2016), Effect of prior strain history on the cyclic strength and CPT penetration resistance of silica silt, [in:] Proceedings of the Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress 2016, pp. 1664–1674.
56. Rusati P.K., Song K.-I., Yoon Y.-W., Hwang W., Liu L. (2020), Electrical resistivity and elastic wave velocity of sand–cement–inorganic binder mixture, Environmental Geotechnics, 7(5): 318–329, https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.17.00082
57. Safaee A.M., Mahboubi A., Noorzad A. (2022), Seismic behavior of tiered geogrid reinforced soil (GRS) using treated backfill soil, Geosynthetics International, 30(2): 200–224, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.21.00060
58. Santamarina C., Cascante G. (1998), Effect of surface roughness on wave propagation parameters, Géotechnique, 48(1): 129–136, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.1.129
59. Saye S.R., Olson S.M., Franke K.W. (2021), Common-origin approach to assess level-ground liquefaction susceptibility and triggering in CPT-compatible soils using Q, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(7): 04021046, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0002515
60. Shahien M.M., Farouk A. (2013), Estimation of deformation modulus of gravelly soils using dynamic cone penetration tests, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 4(4): 633–640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2013.01.008
61. Shihata S.A., Baghdadi Z.A. (2001), Simplified method to assess freeze-thaw durability of soil cement, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 13(4): 243–247, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%290899-1561%282001%2913%3A4%28243%29
62. Sonkar C., Mittal A. (2022), Evaluation of axial strength of sheathed cold-formed steel wall panels using Rayleigh-Ritz method and direct strength method: Comparative study, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 27(1): 04021064, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29SC.1943-5576.0000623
63. Sully J.P., Campanella R.G. (1991), Effect of lateral stress on CPT penetration pore pressures, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 117(7): 1082–1088, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-9410%281991%29117%3A7%281082%29
64. Sundary D., Munirwan R.P., Al-Huda N., Munirwansyah, Sungkar M., Jaya R.P. (2022), Shear strength performance of dredged sediment soil stabilized with lime, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 128: 103299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103299
65. Tonini de Araújo M., Tonatto Ferrazzo S., Mansur Chaves H., Gravina da Rocha C., Cesar Consoli N. (2023), Mechanical behavior, mineralogy, and microstructure of alkali-activated wastes based binder for a clayey soil stabilization, Construction and Building Materials, 362: 129757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129757
66. Trhlíková J., Mašín D., Bohác J. (2012), Small strain behaviour of cemented soils, Géotechnique, 62(10): 943–947, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.100
67. Varma M., Maji V.B., Boominathan A. (2022), Seismic assessment of shotcrete support in jointed rock tunnels, International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 8: 51, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-022-00392-0
68. Verástegui-Flores R.D., Di Emidio G., Bezuijen A., Vanwalleghem J., Kersemans M. (2015), Evaluation of the free–free resonant frequency method to determine stiffness moduli of cement-treated soil, Soils and Foundations, 55(5): 943–950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.09.001
69. Xu B., Yi Y. (2021), Soft clay stabilization using three industry byproducts, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 33(5): 06021002, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0003710
70. Yapage N.N.S., Liyanapathirana D.S., Kelly R.B., Poulos H.G., Leo C.J. (2014), Numerical modeling of an embankment over soft ground improved with deep cement mixed columns: Case history, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(11): 04014062, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0001165
71. Zhang Y., Daniels J.L., Cetin B., Baucom I.K. (2020), Effect of temperature on pH, conductivity, and strength of lime-stabilized soil, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 32(3): 04019380, doi: 0.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003062.
2. Åhnberg H. (2003), Measured permeabilities in stabilized Swedish soils, [in:] Third International Conference on Grouting and Ground Treatment, pp. 622–633, https://doi.org/10.1061/40663%282003%2934
3. Åhnberg H., Holm G. (1987), On the influence of the curing temperature on the shear strength of lime and cement-stabilized soil [in Swedish: Om inverkan av härdningstemperaturen påskjuvhållfast- heten hos kalk- och cementstabiliserad jord], Swedish Geotechnical Institute.
4. Alvarado G., Coop M. (2012), On the performance of bender elements in triaxial tests, Géotechnique, 62(1): 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00086
5. Amaral M.F., Da Fonseca A.V., Arroyo M., Cascante G., Carvalho J. (2011), Compression and shear wave propagation in cemented-sand specimens, Géotechnique Letters, 1(3): 79–84, https://doi.org/10.1680/geolett.11.00032
6. Archeewa E., Puppala A.J., Saride S., Kalla S. (2011), Numerical model studies of deep soil mixing (DSM) column to mitigate bridge approach settlements, [in:] Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011, pp. 3286–3295.
7. Avci E., Mollamahmutoglu M. (2016), UCS Properties of superfine cement–grouted sand, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(12): 06016015, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0001659
8. Bache B.K.F., Wiersholm P., Paniagua P., Emdal A. (2022), Efect of temperature on the strength of lime–cement stabilized Norwegian clays, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 148(3): 04021198, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0002699
9. Benz Navarrete M.A., Breul P., Gourvès R. (2022), Application of wave equation theory to improve dynamic cone penetration test for shallow soil characterisation, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 14(1): 289–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.07.004
10. Bergado D.T., Jamsawang P., Tanchaisawat T., Lai Y.P., Lorenzo G.A. (2008), Performance of reinforced load transfer platforms for embankments supported by deep cement mixing piles, [in:] GeoCongress 2008: Geosustainability and Geohazard Mitigation, pp. 628–637.
11. Bin-Shafique S., Rahman K., Azfar I. (2011), The effect of freezing-thawing cycles on performance of fly ash stabilized expansive soil subbases, [in:] Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 697–706.
12. Bisht V., Salgado R., Prezzi M. (2021), Material point method for cone penetration in clays, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(12): 04021158, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0002687
13. Brouwer J.J.M. (2007), In-situ Soil Testing, HIS BRE Press.
14. Chand S.K., Subbarao C. (2007), In-place stabilization of pond ash deposits by hydrated lime columns, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(12): 1609–1616, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%291090-0241%282007%29133%3A12%281609%29
15. Chen Y., Zhou Y., Kong G., Chen L., Chen G. (2021), Settlement and stress analysis of soil–cement column-reinforced foundation under an in situ stabilized layer, International Journal of Geomechanics, 21(12): 06021032, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GM.1943-5622.0002205
16. Colombero R., Kontoe S., Foti S., Potts D.M. (2015), Numerical modelling of wave attenuation through soil, [in:] Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development, pp. 3959–3964.
17. El-Rawi N.M., Awad A.A. (1981), Permeability of lime stabilized soils, Transportation Engineering Journal of ASCE, 107(1): 25–35, https://doi.org/10.1061/TPEJAN.0000907
18. Elsworth D., Lee D.S., Hryciw R., Shin S. (2006), Pore pressure response following undrained uCPT sounding in a dilating soil, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(11): 1485–1495, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%291090-0241%282006%29132%3A11%281485%29
19. Eriksson H. (2015), Personal and written communication with Håkan Eriksson, Unpublished discussions, Geomind.
20. Fitzgerald M., Elsworth D. (2012), Liquefaction resistance recovered from “on-the-fly” CPTu-measured pore pressures, [in:] Processing of the Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Congress IV, https://doi.org/10.1061/40975%28318%2969
21. Foti S., Lai C.G., Lancellotta R. (2002), Porosity of fluid-saturated porous media from measured seismic wave velocities, Géotechnique, 52(5): 359–373, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2002.52.5.359
22. Foti S., Lancellotta R. (2004), Soil porosity from seismic velocities, Géotechnique, 54(8): 551–554, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.8.551
23. Garcia-Suarez J., Seylabi E., Asimaki D. (2021), Seismic harmonic response of inhomogeneous soil: Scaling analysis, Géotechnique, 71(5): 392–405, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.19.P.042
24. Guan Z., Wang Y., Zhao T. (2022), Adaptive sampling strategy for characterizing spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential using cone penetration test, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 14(4): 1221–1231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.01.011
25. Heidarizadeh Y., Lajevardi S.H., Sharifipour M. (2021), Correlation between small-strain shear stiffness and compressive strength of clayey soils stabilized with cement and Nano-SiO2, International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 7: 12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00258-x
26. Hepton P. (1989), Shear wave velocity measurements during penetration testing, [in:] Penetration testing in the UK, pp. 275–278, The Institution of Civil Engineers.
27. Hepton P. (2015), Deep rotary cored boreholes in soils using wireline drilling, [in:] Advances in Site Investigation Practice, pp. 269–280, The Institution of Civil Engineers.
28. Ito T., Mori Y., Asada A. (1994), Evaluation of resistance to liquefaction caused by earthquakes in sandy soil stabilized with quick-lime consolidated briquette piles, Soils and Foundations, 34(1): 33–40, https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.34.33
29. Jamiolkowski M., Presti D.C.F.L., Manassero M. (2003), Evaluation of relative density and shear strength of sands from CPT and DMT, [in:] Symposium on Soil Behavior and Soft Ground Construction Honoring Charles C. “Chuck” Ladd, pp. 201–238, https://doi.org/10.1061/40659%282003%297
30. Jefferies M. (2022), On the fundamental nature of the state parameter, Géotechnique, 72(12): 1082–1091, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.228
31. Jones R. (1958), In-situ measurement of the dynamic properties of soil by vibration methods, Géotechnique, 8(1): 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1958.8.1.1
32. Kichou Z., Mavroulidou M., Gunn M.J. (2022), Investigation of the strength evolution of lime-treated London clay soil, [in:] Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Ground Improvement, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.21.00053
33. Kim S., Gopalakrishnan K., Ceylan H. (2012), Moisture susceptibility of subgrade soils stabilized by lignin-based renewable energy coproduct, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 138(11): 1283–1290, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29TE.1943-5436.0000097
34. Lambrechts J.R., Ganse M.A., Layhee C.A. (2012), Soil mixing to stabilize organic clay for I-95 widening, [in:] Third International Conference on Grouting and Ground Treatment, pp. 575–585.
35. Lapointe E., Fannin J., Wilson B.W. (2012), Cement-treated soil: Variation of UCS with soil type, [in:] Proceedings of the Fourth 502 International Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing, pp. 512–521, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412350.0037
36. Larsson S. (2017), Personal communication with Stefan Larsson, Unpublished discussions, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
37. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2021a), Evaluation of different binder combinations of cement, slag and CKD for S/S treatment of TBT contaminated sediments, Acta Mechanica et Automatica, 15: 236–248, https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2021-0030
38. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2021b), Resonant frequency ultrasonic P-Waves for evaluating uniaxial compressive strength of the stabilized slag–cement sediments, Nordic Concrete Research, 65: 39–62, https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2021-0012
39. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022a), Dynamics of strength gain in sandy soil stabilised with mixed binders evaluated by elastic P-Waves during compressive loading, Materials, 15(21): 7798, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217798
40. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022b), Geochemical tests to study the effects of cement ratio on potassium and TBT leaching and the pH of the marine sediments from the Kattegat Strait, Port of Gothenburg, Baltica, 35: 47–59, https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2022.1.4
41. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022c), Impact of strength-enhancing admixtures on stabilization of expansive soil by addition of alternative binders, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 18(2): 726–735, https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2022-0067
42. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022d), Seismic velocity of P-waves to evaluate strength of stabilized soil for Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget Biorefinery Östrand AB, Timrå, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences, 70(4): e141593, https://doi.org/10.24425/bpasts.2022.141593
43. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022e), Simplex lattice and X-ray diffraction for analysis of soil structure: A case of cement-stabilised compacted tills reinforced with steel slag and slaked lime, Electronics, 11(22): 3726, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223726
44. Lindh P., Lemenkova P. (2022f), Soil contamination from heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (PAH, PCB and HCB) in the coastal area of Västernorrland, Sweden, Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi – Mineral Resources Management, 38(2): 147–168, https://doi.org/10.24425/gsm.2022.141662
45. Madhyannapu R.S., Puppala A.J. (2014), Design and construction guidelines for deep soil mixing to stabilize expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(9): 04014051, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0001149
46. Madhyannapu R.S., Puppala A.J., Bhadriraju V., Nazarian S. (2009), Deep soil mixing (DSM) treatment of expansive soils, [in:] Advances in Ground Improvement: Research to Practice in the United States and China, pp. 130–139, https://doi.org/10.1061/41025%28338%2914
47. Madhyannapu R.S., Puppala A.J., Nazarian S., Yuan D. (2010), Quality assessment and quality control of deep soil mixing construction for stabilizing expansive subsoils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(1): 119–128, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0000188
48. Makusa G.P., Mattsson H., Knutsson S. (2014), Shear strength evaluation of preloaded stabilized dredged sediments using CPT, [in:] Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, pp. 753–760, http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-35248 (access: 20.12.2022).
49. McCallum A. (2014), A brief introduction to cone penetration testing (CPT) in frozen geomaterials, Annals of Glaciology, 55(68): 7–14, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG68A005
50. Mirzababaei M., Arulrajah A., Haque A., Nimbalkar S., Mohajerani A. (2018), Effect of fiber reinforcement on shear strength and void ratio of soft clay, Geosynthetics International, 25(4): 471–480, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.18.00023
51. Montgomery D.C. (1996), Design and Analysis ofExperiments, 7th ed., Wiley.
52. Myers R.H., Montgomery D.C. (1995), Response Surface Methodology, Wiley.
53. Olsen R.S. (2018), CPT prediction of liquefaction resistance using the CPT soil characterization curve lookup technique, [in:] Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V, pp. 170–181.
54. Orakoglu M.E., Liu J., Lin R., Tian Y. (2017), Performance of clay soil reinforced with fly ash and lignin fiber subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 31(4): 04017013, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CR.1943-5495.0000139
55. Price A.B., DeJong J.T., Boulanger R.W., Parra Bastidas A.M., Moug D. (2016), Effect of prior strain history on the cyclic strength and CPT penetration resistance of silica silt, [in:] Proceedings of the Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress 2016, pp. 1664–1674.
56. Rusati P.K., Song K.-I., Yoon Y.-W., Hwang W., Liu L. (2020), Electrical resistivity and elastic wave velocity of sand–cement–inorganic binder mixture, Environmental Geotechnics, 7(5): 318–329, https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.17.00082
57. Safaee A.M., Mahboubi A., Noorzad A. (2022), Seismic behavior of tiered geogrid reinforced soil (GRS) using treated backfill soil, Geosynthetics International, 30(2): 200–224, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.21.00060
58. Santamarina C., Cascante G. (1998), Effect of surface roughness on wave propagation parameters, Géotechnique, 48(1): 129–136, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.1.129
59. Saye S.R., Olson S.M., Franke K.W. (2021), Common-origin approach to assess level-ground liquefaction susceptibility and triggering in CPT-compatible soils using Q, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(7): 04021046, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0002515
60. Shahien M.M., Farouk A. (2013), Estimation of deformation modulus of gravelly soils using dynamic cone penetration tests, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 4(4): 633–640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2013.01.008
61. Shihata S.A., Baghdadi Z.A. (2001), Simplified method to assess freeze-thaw durability of soil cement, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 13(4): 243–247, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%290899-1561%282001%2913%3A4%28243%29
62. Sonkar C., Mittal A. (2022), Evaluation of axial strength of sheathed cold-formed steel wall panels using Rayleigh-Ritz method and direct strength method: Comparative study, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 27(1): 04021064, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29SC.1943-5576.0000623
63. Sully J.P., Campanella R.G. (1991), Effect of lateral stress on CPT penetration pore pressures, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 117(7): 1082–1088, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-9410%281991%29117%3A7%281082%29
64. Sundary D., Munirwan R.P., Al-Huda N., Munirwansyah, Sungkar M., Jaya R.P. (2022), Shear strength performance of dredged sediment soil stabilized with lime, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 128: 103299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103299
65. Tonini de Araújo M., Tonatto Ferrazzo S., Mansur Chaves H., Gravina da Rocha C., Cesar Consoli N. (2023), Mechanical behavior, mineralogy, and microstructure of alkali-activated wastes based binder for a clayey soil stabilization, Construction and Building Materials, 362: 129757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129757
66. Trhlíková J., Mašín D., Bohác J. (2012), Small strain behaviour of cemented soils, Géotechnique, 62(10): 943–947, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.100
67. Varma M., Maji V.B., Boominathan A. (2022), Seismic assessment of shotcrete support in jointed rock tunnels, International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 8: 51, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-022-00392-0
68. Verástegui-Flores R.D., Di Emidio G., Bezuijen A., Vanwalleghem J., Kersemans M. (2015), Evaluation of the free–free resonant frequency method to determine stiffness moduli of cement-treated soil, Soils and Foundations, 55(5): 943–950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.09.001
69. Xu B., Yi Y. (2021), Soft clay stabilization using three industry byproducts, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 33(5): 06021002, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0003710
70. Yapage N.N.S., Liyanapathirana D.S., Kelly R.B., Poulos H.G., Leo C.J. (2014), Numerical modeling of an embankment over soft ground improved with deep cement mixed columns: Case history, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(11): 04014062, https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0001165
71. Zhang Y., Daniels J.L., Cetin B., Baucom I.K. (2020), Effect of temperature on pH, conductivity, and strength of lime-stabilized soil, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 32(3): 04019380, doi: 0.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003062.
